Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to a group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with the disorder of the glucose -assimilation process.The infringement is developed due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin.Patients with diabetes have hyperglycemia.
This condition is characterized by persistent growth of plasma glucose.The patient violates all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral.The disease has a chronic path.Diabetes mellitus belongs to ordinary diseases.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
Causes of diabetes
The causes of the first and second types of diabetics are different in patients.The first type of the disease is detected in young patients under the age of thirty.Violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.This will destroy the ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.Most often, epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This abnormal condition can also occur after the toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some drugs.
These substances contribute to the violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells causes death on the islands of the pancreas.In this regard, insulin production decreases.This disease develops when it affects more than 80% of these cells.
In the second type of the disease, the insensitivity of all cells occurs on insulin.In plasma, insulin levels are normal or increased, but the cells are not detected.There is a majority of patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition- Such patients have relatives in diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the likelihood of inheritance of the predisposition will increase to 70%.
- Obesity- Large amounts of adipose tissue in the body are reduced to insulin.
- Irrational nutrition- With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and the lack of fiber, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathology- Severe forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension leads to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress- In this state, the levels of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increase.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- To take some drugs- A group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- The chronic insufficiency of the adrenal- This disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, glucose penetration into the cells is reduced and blood levels increase.
Symptoms of diabetes
- insatiable thirst;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin damage is slowly healing;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- Acetone scent from the patient;
- breathing obligations;
- heartbeat;
- itching of the skin;
- Fast weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reducing visual acuity.
When these signals appear, consult a doctor immediately to test your blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
Depending on the reasons, pathology is divided into several types.The following type of disease can be distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and pregnancy diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
The type 1 of the type is done by the lack of insulin production in the body.It is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in tissues.This is due to damage to the pancreatic beta cells due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.This situation occurs after the effects of viral infections, severe stress, and other harmful factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease occurs suddenly.Symptoms are pronounced because the cells are rapidly starving.Very high levels of glucose are detected, often reaching up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
Many versions of the disease are considered to be Lada diabetes.This is autoimmune diabetes, which occurs in adults with a typical latent path.For him, a typical decrease in insulin in blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
In the case of type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood, this hormone has excessive levels.Cells in the body lose sensitivity to the effect of the substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.All persons with identified diabetes are approx.90% are patient with second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Concomitant diseases have been shown: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual beginning.Symptoms are rare.Glucose levels rise moderately.Antibodies are not detected with the cells of the pancreas.This situation contributes to the patient's late appeal to the doctor when the complications appeared.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospital care.Here are the following states:
- Hypoglycemia- In this state, glucose levels suddenly decrease.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, early meals, physical strain.The patient has hunger, trembling in his hand, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then the consciousness is interrupted.
- Ketoacidosis- This increases the level of glucose.It does not enter the cells and accumulates into the blood.The condition is illustrated by appetite, dry skin, and thirst decrease.The acetone scent comes from the patient.Disorder, drowsiness appears.
- Hyperosmolar coma- This is characterized by an increase in blood sugar with general dehydration.
- Lactatat-Acidotic coma- The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders due to hunger for oxygen.
Patients with signs of such pathological condition require immediate medical attention.
In the case of late complications, the vascular and nervous system injuries are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a huge defeat of blood vessels.Extends to any caliber's vessels.Microangiopathies cause diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is striking in the heart, brain and arteries of the lower limbs.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- blood sugar levels;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- glycosylated hemoglobin -test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, ultrasound scanning of the kidneys, the EEG of the brain, reoencephalography and the back of the legs are prescribed.
Treatment of diabetes
The prescription of your doctor should be strictly adhered to.Blood sugar and medication treatment are performed with this disease.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology means a decrease in blood sugar levels, and normalize metabolism and prevent complications.
Diet for diabetes
The treatment is based on diet.The diet is prescribed, taking into account the level of body weight, age, physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the vessels, which must contain the necessary number of all the nutrients.
| What can you eat | That you can't eat |
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* The table shows a incomplete list of products.To assemble the correct and complete ordered diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of diet in this disease:
- Products that rapidly increase the concentration of blood sugar should be removed.It is a high starch, sugar, fructose content.
- Reduce total calorie content.The energy value of the food is the number of calories spent.
- You need to pay attention to a six diet.
In diabetes, it is important to eat regularly.If the patient follows the diet, only this allows you to improve the patient's condition.In the mild form of the disease, only energy selection should be bypassed.
Rather use low -calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, vegetable fiber and dietary fiber.
Limit products that contain large amounts of animal fat, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol is also forbidden in diabetes.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out according to the system recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels are systematically regulated.Insulins are produced in three types: short effect, longer, intermediate product.
The protracted medicine is administered once a day.Adherence to a separate -separately selected system for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows for compensation for the disease.
You -Controll Glycemia Level
Self -check of glucose in the blood is performed daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at the right time.The device promotes a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, and determine the time of insulin and medication.The measurement shows hypoglycemia and promotes the normal state of glucose concentration.
I get it
Sugar -Pushy agents of the tablets are prescribed for second type of diabetes as a diet.Such groups can be distinguished:
- Sulfonyil -mochevins' derivatives- stimulates the secretion of the pancreatic insulin, facilitating glucose penetration into the cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meatinides- Reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- slows the increase in sugar levels, inactivating enzymes to the absorption of starch;
- thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from the liver cells, and improve the sensitivity of cells to insulin.
In the case of diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and condition to avoid sharp changes in glucose levels.
To prevent diabetes
Patients with diabetes should be constantly monitored with an endocrinologist to organize the right lifestyle, diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase body resistance to infections, and in Annex II.Patients type do not allow obesity to develop.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is considered to be serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications develop that endanger life.If the symptoms of sugar occur, consult a doctor and not with medication alone.